General Surgery UK Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master General Surgery with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
General Surgery Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 131:
• What is a skin cyst in the middle ear and mastoid, with a foul-smelling discharge?
Answer:
• Cholesteatoma
Flashcard 132: What do Auricular haematomas warrant?
Answer: Same-day ENT assessment and prompt incision & drainage (I&D) to prevent 'cauliflower ear' deformity.
Flashcard 133: Persistent mouth ulcer raises suspicion of which
cancer?
Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma
Flashcard 134: What distinguishes vestibular neuronitis from labyrinthitis?
Answer: Hearing is preserved (normal) in vestibular neuronitis, whereas hearing loss occurs in labyrinthitis.
Extra: Both conditions present with acute vertigo and nystagmus (often preceded by a viral infection). The presence or absence of auditory symptoms is the key clinical differentiator.
Flashcard 135: How should a patient on warfarin with an INR of 5.0–9.0 and no significant bleeding be managed?
Answer: Omit 1–2 doses of warfarin, monitor INR, and reduce the maintenance dose.
Extra: ACCP Guidelines for Warfarin Reversal:
1. INR < 4.5 (No bleed): Reduce dose or omit one dose.
2. INR 4.5–10 (No bleed): Routine use of Vitamin K is NOT recommended.
3. INR > 10 (No bleed): Give Oral Vitamin K (2.5–5 mg).
4. Major Bleeding (Any INR): Give IV Vitamin K (5–10 mg) and 4-factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC).
Flashcard 136: What drugs can cause malignant hyperthermia?
Answer:
• Suxamethonium
• Halothane
Flashcard 137: When is Tamoxifen used in Breast Cancer management?
Answer: • ER/PR +ve premenopausal women (First-line)
• ER/PR +ve postmenopausal women (Alternative to Aromatase Inhibitors)
• Chemoprevention in high-risk women
• Male breast cancer (DOC)
Extra: Tamoxifen is a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM). While primarily the drug of choice for hormone receptor-positive premenopausal women, it can be used in postmenopausal women if Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs) are contraindicated or not tolerated. It also significantly reduces the risk of recurrence and is used for primary prevention in high-risk individuals. Unlike AIs, Tamoxifen is also the standard for treating male breast cancer.
Flashcard 138: Who should assess all post-tonsillectomy
haemorrhages?
Answer: ENT specialist
Flashcard 139: Why is mastoiditis a medical emergency?
Answer: Potential risk of meningitis
Flashcard 140: In the management of breast cancer, the FEC-D regimen is used to:
Answer: • Downstage a primary tumor before surgery (neoadjuvant treatment)
• Treat systemic microscopic disease if axillary nodes are positive after surgery (adjuvant treatment)
Extra: FEC-D is a chemotherapy regimen commonly used for Breast Cancer.
FEC = Fluorouracil, Epirubicin, Cyclophosphamide.
D = Docetaxel.
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