Respiratory Medicine — Flashcards

Flashcard 81: The _____ can be used to assess obstructive sleep apnoea

Answer: Epworth Sleepiness Scale

Flashcard 82: _____ is a sleep disorder characterised by repeated upper airway obstruction during sleep, causing intermittent hypoxia & sleep fragmentation

Answer: Obstructive sleep apnoea

Flashcard 83: Patient presents with persistent SOB, basal emphysema and abnormal LFTs, what is the diagnosis?

Answer: • Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Flashcard 84: What is the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers?

Answer: • Lung adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 85: What are the classic Chest X-ray (CXR) findings in Tuberculosis?

Answer: Primary TB: Ghon complex (subpleural nodule + hilar lymphadenopathy), lower lobe/middle lobe infiltrates, or pleural effusion. Reactivation/Post-Primary TB: Upper lobe infiltrates with cavitation, upper zone pulmonary fibrosis, and volume loss.

Extra: Common CXR findings in Tuberculosis: 1. Ghon focus: Initial site of infection (parenchymal lesion). 2. Ranke complex: Ghon focus + calcified ipsilateral hilar lymph node. 3. Cavitation: Characteristically in the apical/posterior segments of the upper lobes. 4. Miliary TB: 1-3 mm 'millet-seed' nodules distributed throughout both lungs. 5. Simon focus: Calcified nodule at the lung apex (from hematogenous spread).

Flashcard 86: What PEFR is classed as Severe Asthma?

Answer: • PEFR 33-50%

Flashcard 87: Obstructive sleep apnoea can be triggered/worsened by _____, particularly when consumed before bedtime

Answer: alcohol

Flashcard 88: What is the investigation for obstructive sleep apnoea? First-line: Home _____ Gold-standard: polysomnography

Answer: respiratory polygraphy

Flashcard 89: Do plueral plaques need follow up?

Answer: • No • They are benign and do not undergo malignant change

Flashcard 90: Obstructive sleep apnoea presents with _____ with collateral history of loud snoring and apnoeic episodes during sleep

Answer: daytime somnolence