Respiratory Medicine — Flashcards

Flashcard 91: The biggest risk factor for obstructive sleep apnoea in children is _____

Answer: adenotonsillar hypertrophy

Flashcard 92: Uncontrolled obstructive sleep apnoea can lead to _____ and eventually cor pulmonale

Answer: pulmonary hypertension

Flashcard 93: _____ are more commonly affected by obstructive sleep apnoea (2-3x)

Answer: Males

Flashcard 94: Obstructive sleep apnoea can be triggered/worsened by _____, particularly when consumed before bedtime

Answer: alcohol

Flashcard 95: What are the classic Chest X-ray (CXR) findings in Tuberculosis?

Answer: Primary TB: Ghon complex (subpleural nodule + hilar lymphadenopathy), lower lobe/middle lobe infiltrates, or pleural effusion. Reactivation/Post-Primary TB: Upper lobe infiltrates with cavitation, upper zone pulmonary fibrosis, and volume loss.

Extra: Common CXR findings in Tuberculosis: 1. Ghon focus: Initial site of infection (parenchymal lesion). 2. Ranke complex: Ghon focus + calcified ipsilateral hilar lymph node. 3. Cavitation: Characteristically in the apical/posterior segments of the upper lobes. 4. Miliary TB: 1-3 mm 'millet-seed' nodules distributed throughout both lungs. 5. Simon focus: Calcified nodule at the lung apex (from hematogenous spread).

Flashcard 96: _____ cancer is the most common primary tumour that metastasises to the brain

Answer: Lung

Flashcard 97: Mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis: pH: _____ pCO₂: ↑ HCO₃⁻: ↓

Answer: ↓

Flashcard 98: Mixed respiratory and metabolic alkalosis: pH: _____ pCO₂: ↓ HCO₃⁻: ↑

Answer: ↑

Flashcard 99: _____ is caused by alveolar hypoventilation

Answer: Respiratory acidosis

Flashcard 100: _____ is caused by alveolar hyperventilation

Answer: Respiratory alkalosis