Renal & Urology — Flashcards

Flashcard 231: What is the initial imaging modality typically used in the evaluation of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer: Biopsy is the gold standard for definitive diagnosis in adults, but imaging (USG) is often the first step to rule out other pathology (e.g., hydronephrosis, structural issues) or to evaluate for renal vein thrombosis.

Extra: Renal Ultrasound is commonly performed to assess kidney size, echogenicity, and rule out obstruction or other structural causes of proteinuria. In some cases, Doppler may be used to look for Renal Vein Thrombosis, a complication of nephrotic syndrome.

Flashcard 232: _____ is a progressive, irreversible decline in kidney function lasting ≥ 3 months

Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Flashcard 233: CKD with immune complex deposition, inflammation, cellular proliferation causing glomerulosclerosis is associated with _____

Answer: glomerulonephritis

Flashcard 234: Chronic kidney disease is commonly caused by _____, hypertension, & glomerulonephritis

Answer: diabetic nephropathy

Flashcard 235: ↓ GFR leads to reduced urine excretion and accumulation of _____

Answer: waste products (e.g. urea, creatinine)

Flashcard 236: CKD with arteriosclerosis of afferent arterioles evolving to glomerulosclerosis is associated with _____

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 237: ↓ GFR results in reduced H+ excretion & bicarbonate regeneration leading to _____

Answer: metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 238: Chronic use of _____ can cause analgesic nephropathy leading to CKD

Answer: NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen)

Flashcard 239: ↓ GFR leads to Na+/H2O retention resulting in _____

Answer: volume overload (hypertension, pulmonary/peripheral oedema, & heart failure)

Flashcard 240: The "Shiga-like" toxin in enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC) can enter the circulation causing _____

Answer: haemolytic uraemic syndrome