Renal & Urology UK Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Renal & Urology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Renal & Urology Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 221: Chronic kidney disease is diagnosed with:
• GFR < _____ ml/min/1.73m2 OR
• Markers of kidney damage
On tests ≥ 90 days apart
Answer: 60
Flashcard 222: Minimal change disease:
Light microscopy → _____
Electron microscopy → effacement of podocyte foot processes
Answer: no changes (normal glomeruli)
Flashcard 223: Intra-renal AKI is also caused by drug-induced _____ and immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
Answer: acute interstitial nephritis
Flashcard 224: Abnormal haemostasis in CKD from _____-induced platelet dysfunction has a normal PT/APTT & increased bleeding time
Answer: uraemia
Flashcard 225: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with end-stage renal disease presenting with intensely painful necrotic ulcerations?\n_____
Answer: Calciphylaxis
Extra: Calciphylaxis (calcific uremic arteriolopathy) involves systemic calcification of the tunica media of small blood vessels, leading to ischemia and subcutaneous necrosis. It is most commonly seen in patients with ESRD and has a very high mortality rate.
Flashcard 226: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with fatigue, oedema, signs of encephalopathy, and white crystals appearing on the skin surface?
_____
Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (Uraemic Frost)
Extra: Uremic frost occurs in severe, untreated uremia when high concentrations of urea in sweat crystallize on the skin surface after evaporation. It is now rare due to the widespread availability of dialysis.
Flashcard 227: What is the definitive management of CKD?
_____
Answer: Kidney transplant
Flashcard 228: KDIGO staging for acute kidney injury:
AKI stage 3 is defined by urine output < _____ mL/kg/hour for ≥24 hours (or anuria for ≥12 hours)
Answer: 0.3
Extra: **KDIGO Criteria for AKI (Urine Output):**
- **Stage 1:** <0.5 mL/kg/h for 6–12 hours
- **Stage 2:** <0.5 mL/kg/h for ≥12 hours
- **Stage 3:** <0.3 mL/kg/h for ≥24 hours OR Anuria for ≥12 hours
Flashcard 229: Stages of Albuminuria in CKD (ACR in mg/mmol):
A1: _____
A2: 3-30
A3: > 30
Answer: < 3
Extra: KDIGO classification for Albuminuria:
A1 (Normal to mildly increased): <3 mg/mmol (<30 mg/g)
A2 (Moderately increased): 3-30 mg/mmol (30-300 mg/g)
A3 (Severely increased): >30 mg/mmol (>300 mg/g)
Flashcard 230: Symptoms of chronic kidney disease can be remembered with the mnemonic "Kidney OUTAGES":
_____
renal Osteodystrophy
Uraemia
Triglyceridaemia
Acidosis (metabolic)
Growth delay
Erythropoietic deficiency (anaemia)
Sodium/water retention
Answer: hyperKalaemia
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