Renal & Urology — Flashcards

Flashcard 211: What are the initial blood tests for chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Answer: Creatinine (for eGFR calculation)

Extra: Other relevant bloods include: FBC (anemia), U&Es (electrolytes), and Bone Profile (calcium, phosphate, ALP for CKD-MBD).

Flashcard 212: _____ is the sudden decline in renal function resulting in ↑ creatinine and/or ↓ urine ouput, leading to disturbances in electrolyte, fluid, & acid-base balance

Answer: Acute kidney injury (AKI)

Flashcard 213: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with end-stage renal disease presenting with intensely painful necrotic ulcerations?\n_____

Answer: Calciphylaxis

Extra: Calciphylaxis (calcific uremic arteriolopathy) involves systemic calcification of the tunica media of small blood vessels, leading to ischemia and subcutaneous necrosis. It is most commonly seen in patients with ESRD and has a very high mortality rate.

Flashcard 214: The most common cause of post-renal AKI is _____ especially in elderly males

Answer: benign prostatic hyperplasia

Flashcard 215: _____-renal acute kidney injury is the most common mechanism

Answer: Pre

Flashcard 216: Minimal change disease is characterised by _____ of podocyte foot processes

Answer: effacement (fusion)

Flashcard 217: _____ can precipitate pre-renal AKI by decreasing effective circulating volume

Answer: Diuretics

Flashcard 218: Suspect _____ in a patient with chronic kidney disease that has pleuritic chest pain improved on leaning forward

Answer: uraemic pericarditis

Flashcard 219: Nephrotic syndrome results in _____lipidaemia **bonus, why?

Answer: hyper

Extra: In nephrotic syndrome, the loss of albumin in urine (hypoalbuminemia) triggers the liver to compensate by increasing production of proteins, including lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL), leading to hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. Additionally, there is a decrease in the catabolism of lipids.

Flashcard 220: What is the management of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis? _____

Answer: Corticosteroids