Gastroenterology & Hepatology — Flashcards

Flashcard 101: What should be suspected in all patients who have diarrhoea shortly following antibiotic therapy?

Answer: • C.Diff Infection

Flashcard 102: What is an isolated rise in bilirubin in response to physiological stress is typical of?

Answer: Gilbert's Syndrome

Flashcard 103: Serum caeruloplasmin in Wilson's Disease is?

Answer: • decreased

Flashcard 104: Prolonged vomiting/NG tube suctioning: Acid-Base Abnormality: _____ Cl-: ↓ K+: ↓

Answer: Metabolic alkalosis

Flashcard 105: Patients with HNPCC are also at higher risk of what other types of cancer?

Answer: Endometrial cancer (most common), Ovarian, Gastric, and Small bowel cancer.

Extra: Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) is caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), leading to microsatellite instability (MSI). Endometrial carcinoma is the most frequent extracolonic tumor.

Flashcard 106: What is the gold-standard investigation for Oesophageal Cancer?

Answer: Upper GI Endoscopy + Biopsy

Extra: • **Investigation of choice (IOC) & Gold Standard for diagnosis:** Upper GI Endoscopy (UGIE) + Biopsy. • **IOC for local staging (T and N staging):** Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS). • **IOC for distant metastasis (M staging):** Contrast-Enhanced CT (CECT) of the chest and abdomen or PET-CT.

Flashcard 107: Patient presents with flushing, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and weight loss, with a systolic murmur and hepatomegaly, Diagnosis?

Answer: Carcinoid Syndrome When metastases are present in the liver and release serotonin into systemic circulation

Flashcard 108: What is the reference range for Bilirubin?

Answer: 3-17 umol/l

Flashcard 109: Severe diarrhoea/laxtive use: Acid-Base Abnormality: _____ Cl-: ↑ K+: ↓

Answer: Metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 110: What is Intussusception?

Answer: • Segement of intestine telescopes into an adjacent segement