Gastroenterology & Hepatology — Flashcards

Flashcard 91: Patient presents with flushing, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and weight loss, with a systolic murmur and hepatomegaly, Diagnosis?

Answer: Carcinoid Syndrome When metastases are present in the liver and release serotonin into systemic circulation

Flashcard 92: What happens to serum caeruloplasmin in Wilson's disease?

Answer: • Decreased

Flashcard 93: What is migratory thrombophelbitis (Trousseau's Syndrome) seen more commonly in?

Answer: Pancreatic Cancer

Flashcard 94: What is the managment in life-threatening C.Diff?

Answer: Oral vancomycin (higher dose) + IV metronidazole + Vancomycin rectal enema (if ileus present)

Extra: Fulminant (life-threatening) C. difficile is characterized by hypotension/shock, ileus, or megacolon. Management involves: 1. High-dose oral Vancomycin (500 mg QID). 2. IV Metronidazole (500 mg TID). 3. If ileus is present, add rectal Vancomycin enemas. 4. Surgical consultation for possible subtotal colectomy or diverting loop ileostomy.

Flashcard 95: What GI condition is associated with pigmented freckles on the lips, face, palms and sole?

Answer: • Peutz-Jegher's Syndrome

Flashcard 96: What is Intussusception?

Answer: • Segement of intestine telescopes into an adjacent segement

Flashcard 97: What is the reference range for Bilirubin?

Answer: 3-17 umol/l

Flashcard 98: Prolonged vomiting/NG tube suctioning: Acid-Base Abnormality: _____ Cl-: ↓ K+: ↓

Answer: Metabolic alkalosis

Flashcard 99: Patients with HNPCC are also at higher risk of what other types of cancer?

Answer: Endometrial cancer (most common), Ovarian, Gastric, and Small bowel cancer.

Extra: Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) is caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), leading to microsatellite instability (MSI). Endometrial carcinoma is the most frequent extracolonic tumor.

Flashcard 100: T2DM with abnormal LFTs?

Answer: NAFLD (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) / MASLD