Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 241: What is the likely diagnosis in a young woman with recurrent headaches, significant hypertension, and a subauricular / carotid systolic bruit? _____

Answer: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)

Flashcard 242: Patients needing a 4th antihypertensive:\nBlood K+ ≤ 4.5 mmol/l → add _____\nBlood K+ > 4.5 mmol/l → add alpha-blocker or beta-blocker

Answer: low-dose spironolactone

Flashcard 243: In the management of Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF), management of fluid overload symptoms is primarily achieved with _____.

Answer: loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)

Extra: EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER trials demonstrated the benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in HFpEF patients regardless of diabetes status. Diuretics are used to achieve and maintain euvolemia.

Flashcard 244: Which race is at higher risk of hypertension? _____

Answer: Black > white > then asians

Flashcard 245: _____ hypertension is BP ≥180/120 -and- signs of retinal haemorrhage or papilloedema

Answer: Accelerated (malignant)

Flashcard 246: _____ is defined as systolic BP ≥ 180 or diastolic BP ≥ 120 mmHg.

Answer: Hypertensive crisis

Extra: According to AHA/ACC guidelines: - Normal: <120/80 - Elevated: 120-129 and <80 - Stage 1: 130-139 or 80-89 - Stage 2: ≥140 or ≥90 - Hypertensive Crisis: >180 and/or >120 (Urgency if no end-organ damage; Emergency if end-organ damage is present)

Flashcard 247: Stage 2 hypertension ABPM/HBPM = ≥_____/95mmHg

Answer: 150

Flashcard 248: Hypertension is _____ unless severe

Answer: asymptomatic

Flashcard 249: Hypertension complications: Heart = _____ Brain = stroke, vascular dementia Kidney = CKD Eye = Hypertensive retinopathy Vascular = Peripheral vascular disease

Answer: coronary artery disease, heart failure

Flashcard 250: Stage 2 hypertension clinic BP = ≥ _____ / 100 mmHg

Answer: 160