Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 191: Why are beta-blockers contraindicated in asthma patients with atrial fibrillation?

Answer: They can precipitate bronchospasm

Flashcard 192: Is first-degree heart block in an athlete normal or pathological?

Answer: Normal variant – no treatment required

Flashcard 193: Is a new LBBB ever normal?

Answer: No - always pathological

Flashcard 194: What are the ECG changes in hyperkalaemia?

Answer: • Peak or "tall-tented" T waves • Loss of P waves • Broad QRS complexes

Flashcard 195: Hyperkalemia + ECG changes: what is the initial management?

Answer: IV Calcium Gluconate (to stabilize the cardiac membrane)

Extra: Note: Calcium does not lower serum potassium levels. It antagonizes the cardiotoxic effects of hyperkalemia. To lower potassium, follow with insulin/glucose, salbutamol, or resins/dialysis.

Flashcard 196: If Angina is not controlled with a Beta-Blocker, what needs to be added?

Answer: • A longer-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker • (e.g. Amlodipine, modified-release nifedipine)

Flashcard 197: What are the ECG changes in First-degree Heart Block?

Answer: • Abnormally long PR interval >220ms • No dropped beats

Flashcard 198: What ARBs are used for hypertension?

Answer: • Losartan • Candesartan • Valsartan • Telmisartan

Flashcard 199: What is used first-line to prevent angina attacks?

Answer: • Beta-blocker or Calcium Channel Blocker

Flashcard 200: Which anticoagulant is best for mechanical heart valves?

Answer: • Warfarin