Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 161: NICE recommends the use of catheter ablation for those with AF who _____

Answer: have not responded to or wish to avoid, antiarrhythmic medication

Flashcard 162: What are common side-effects of ACE Inhibitors: _____ Angioedema Hyperkalemia

Answer: Cough

Extra: Mechanisms: - **Cough & Angioedema:** Caused by increased levels of **Bradykinin** (ACE normally breaks down bradykinin). - **Hyperkalemia:** Caused by decreased **Aldosterone** secretion (downstream effect of inhibiting Angiotensin II). - **Teratogen:** Avoid in pregnancy (causes fetal renal malformations).

Flashcard 163: What is the Immediate symptomatic relief for Angina?

Answer: • Sublingual Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) *GTN causes vasodilation, improving blood flow to the myocardium

Flashcard 164: If a patient scores 0 in their CHA2DS2-VASc for catheter ablation, how long is anticoagulation recommended: _____

Answer: 2 months anticoagulation

Flashcard 165: What are the anti-arrythmic medications that are contraindicated in patients with WPW that develop AF? _____ CCBs Digoxin adenosine

Answer: beta-blockers

Extra: These agents block the AV node. In the setting of WPW with Atrial Fibrillation, blocking the AV node promotes conduction through the accessory pathway (Bundle of Kent), which has no refractory period, potentially leading to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest.

Flashcard 166: Mnemonic to remember the associations of Wolf-Parkinsons White Syndrome: _____

Answer: Wolf is THE MS

Extra: Associations of WPW Syndrome (**WOLF is THE MS**): - **T**: **T**achyarrhythmias - **H**: **H**CM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) - **E**: **E**bstein anomaly - **M**: **M**VP (Mitral Valve Prolapse) - **S**: **S**eptal defects (ASD)

Flashcard 167: Which conditions are associated with Wolf-Parkinsons White Syndrome: _____ HOCM Ebstein Anomaly Mitral Valve Prolapse Seccundum ASD

Answer: Thyrotoxicosis

Flashcard 168: Why is Sotalol contraindicated in WFW treatment with co-existent AF? Sotalol prolongs _____ which slows conduction through the AV node but not the accessory pathway This means more impulses during AF conduct down the accesory pathway rather than the AV node This allows for very fast ventricular rates which increase the risk of denegeration into ventricular fibrillation

Answer: AV node refractory period

Flashcard 169: How do you measure the QT interval on ECG?

Answer: • Time between start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave

Flashcard 170: When is secondary statin prevention indicated?

Answer: • When they've had an event already, and need to prevent a second event from happening again