Neoplasia — Flashcards

Flashcard 141: α-fetoprotein (AFP) is a serum tumor marker elevated in (mnemonic: HE-MAN is the alpha male): - H_____ - Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor - Mixed germ cell tumor - Ataxia-telangiectasia - Neural tube defects

Answer: epatocellular carcinoma

Flashcard 142: Gorlin syndrome is associated with a high risk of _____ carcinoma and medulloblastoma.

Answer: basal cell

Flashcard 143: Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is due to _____ mutation and presents with multiple oncocytomas, chromophobe RCCs, facial fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax

Answer: BHD gene: folliculin

Flashcard 144: _____ carcinoma of the lung may secrete the hormone beta-hCG

Answer: Large cell

Flashcard 145: In GIST, a tumor size **< _____ cm** is usually associated with indolent behavior, whereas a mitotic count **> 5** per 50 HPF indicates a high risk of malignancy.

Answer: 2

Extra: GIST risk of malignancy is based on tumor size, mitotic rate, and site (gastric GISTs generally have a better prognosis than small bowel GISTs). **Prognostic Thresholds (Robbins):** * **Indolent/Very Low Risk:** Size < 2 cm and Mitoses < 5/50 HPF. * **High Risk:** Size > 5 cm OR Mitoses > 5/50 HPF (and specifically > 10 cm or > 10 mitoses). Note: The "5 and 5" rule (Size > 5 cm and Mitoses > 5/50 HPF) is a commonly tested threshold for high-risk behavior.

Flashcard 146: Small cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by _____ differentiated small cells and is thus very aggressive

Answer: poorly

Flashcard 147: A follicular lymphoma due to Bcl-2 overexpression results from a _____ translocation.

Answer: t(14;18)

Flashcard 148: Her2 enriched subtype of breast cancer usually has a _____ Ki67

Answer: high

Flashcard 149: Peutz-Jeghers-Touraine syndrome is due to loss-of-function mutation of _____ gene

Answer: serine/threonine kinase (STK11)

Flashcard 150: In breast cancer IHC scoring, a result of 1+ is interpreted as HER2 ______.

Answer: Negative