Epidemiology — Flashcards

A negative likelihood ratio < _____ indicates a highly sensitive test.

Procedure bias can be reduced by _____ and minimizing differences in groups (besides variable of intervention)

_____ is a measure of malaria incidence and calculated as (Cases in one year 1000) / Population under surveillance

If people with a chronic disease live longer, there is _____ incidence and increased prevalence

Increased prevalence results in _____ positive predictive value

_____ is when an external variable truly positively or negatively impacts the observed effect of a risk factor on disease status

Confounding Bias can be reduced by RANDOMIZATION, but other important interventions include:- _____ of exposure groups- crossover studies- restriction of characteristics- multiple / repeated studies

Migration bias can be remedied with the _____ or the Best / Worst Case analysis

When do you use a CIR?- when there is a _____ population that is starting at a common point in time- when an outcome can occur only once- and when disease event rates are relatively stable over time

Observer-Expectancy Bias is an error introduced _____ where the researchers belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of treatment