Epidemiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 161: _____ was the first true epidemiologist

Answer: hippocrates

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Flashcard 162: * Crude Death Rate (CDR) = _____ * Disease specific death rate = _____ * Sex specific death rate = _____ * Age specific death rate = _____ * Period specific death rate (Month) = e.g., Jan = _____ * Period specific death rate (Week) = e.g., 15th week = _____ All the above given indicators are stated in the unit: _____

Answer: \(\frac {No. \ of \ deaths \ during \ the \ year \ in \ a \ particular \ geographic \ area}{Mid-year \ Population } \times 1000\)

Flashcard 163: What equation is used to calculate negative predictive value (NPV) using the table below? _____

Answer: NPV = TN / (TN + FN)

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Flashcard 164: birth rate can be lower than death rate in stage _____ of demographic cycle

Answer: 5

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Flashcard 165: number needed to treat/harm is counted in _____

Answer: randomised control trial

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Flashcard 166: microfilaria density indicates _____

Answer: intensity of infection

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Flashcard 167: What are the formulas for **Attributable Risk Percent (AR%)** and **Population Attributable Risk Percent (PAR%)**? AR% = _____{Incidence_{exposed}} \times 100\)}} = _____{\frac{a}{a+b}} \times 100\)}} PAR% = _____{Incidence_{total}} \times 100\)}}

Answer: \(\frac{Incidence_{exposed} - Incidence_{unexposed

Extra: **Definitions:** - **Attributable Risk (AR):** $I_e - I_u$ - **Attributable Risk Percent (AR%):** $\frac{I_e - I_u}{I_e} \times 100$ - **Population Attributable Risk (PAR):** $I_t - I_u$ - **Population Attributable Risk Percent (PAR%):** $\frac{I_t - I_u}{I_t} \times 100$ $I_e$: Incidence in exposed $I_u$: Incidence in unexposed $I_t$: Incidence in total population

Flashcard 168: Prevalence of blindness in India is _____%

Answer: 0.36

Extra: Source: National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey (2015-2019).

Flashcard 169: Measures of association and impact calculated from a cohort study include:

Answer: 1. Relative Risk (Risk Ratio) 2. Attributable Risk (Risk Difference) 3. Population Attributable Risk

Extra: Cohort studies allow the calculation of Incidence, which is then used to determine these measures of association and impact.

Flashcard 170: hawthorne bias is seen in _____ study

Answer: cohort

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