Epidemiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 91: a cross sectional study starts with _____

Answer: total population

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Flashcard 92: formula for sensitivity

Answer: TP / (TP + FN) × 100

Extra: Sensitivity = True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives)

Flashcard 93: epidemiological triangle involves

Answer: agent host environment time

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Flashcard 94: Odds ratio is calculated in _____ study

Answer: case-control

Extra: Odds Ratio (OR) is used in case-control studies. OR = ad / bc (cross-product ratio).

Flashcard 95: secondary prevention prevents _____

Answer: complication from disease

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Flashcard 96: Infection is NOT carried through successive developmental stages in _____ transmission.

Answer: transovarian

Flashcard 97: _____ is the most difficult criteria to establish causal association

Answer: specificity of association

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Flashcard 98: 2 statistical criteria for an epidemic

Answer: 1. > Mean + 2 Standard Deviations (SD) 2. > 80th percentile (of cases in previous years)

Extra: Epidemic is defined as the occurrence of cases of an illness clearly in excess of normal expectancy. Statistically, for endemic diseases (especially those with seasonal variation like malaria), thresholds used to define an epidemic include: - Mean + 2 Standard Deviations - 80th percentile of previous years' data Note: If a disease is normally absent from an area, even a single case can be considered an epidemic.

Flashcard 99: * **Case Fatality Rate** = _____{\text{Total cases of the same disease}} \times 100\%\)}} * **Proportional Mortality Rate** = \(\frac{\text{Deaths from a specific disease{\text{Total deaths from all causes}} \times 100\%\)}} * **Under-5 Proportional Mortality Rate** = \(\frac{\text{Deaths < 5 years of age{\text{Total deaths from all causes}} \times 100\%\)}} * **5-Year Survival Rate** = \(\frac{\text{No. of patients alive 5 years after diagnosis{\text{No. of patients diagnosed/treated at beginning of study}} \times 100\%\)}} * **Child Survival Rate (%)** = \(\frac{1000 - \text{Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR){10}\)}}

Answer: \(\frac{\text{Total deaths from a specific disease

Flashcard 100: reproductive rates always refer to no. of _____

Answer: daughters born

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